The Ecological Theory of Bureaucracy: The Case of Josiah Wedgwood and the British Pottery Industry
结合行为演化论、韦伯社会学与组织系统学，构建官僚制的生态理论，解释英国陶瓷业在工业革命中的官僚化过程，发现官僚元素因提升企业盈利而被选择性保留。
John Langton This article attempts to show that by combining concepts and propositions drawn from behavioral evolutionism, Weberian sociology, and organizational systematics, an ecological theory of bureaucracy can be constructed that explains the emergence and proliferation of bureaucratic organizations as well as the classical Darwinian theory of natural selection explains the rise and adaptive radiation of higher biological taxa, such as birds or mammals. This ecological theory is then used to explain the bureaucratization of the British pottery industry during the industrial revolution. One preliminary finding of this investigation is that bureaucratic elements are selectively retained because they enhance a firm's profitability in both the neoclassical and Marxian sense of the term: they increase its inputoutput efficiency and its ability to extract surplus value.