Catalonian Trademarks and the Development of Marketing Knowledge in Spain, 1850–1946
基于全国商标数据，纠正了品牌历史作用的误解，发现西班牙在商标立法和使用上领先于法英美，且始于造纸和纺织等非传统行业，但商标持有本身不能保证企业成功。
Trademarks have traditionally been viewed as assets that, although intangible, nevertheless contribute to the success of firms. This study, based on a compilation of national trademark data, corrects existing distortions of the historical role of brands and their—often unsuccessful—use as business tools by countries, sectors, or firms. Legislation on, and the profuse use of, trademarks in the Western world was pioneered by Spain, rather than by France, the United States, or the United Kingdom, and was initiated in unusual sectors, such as papermaking and textiles, rather than in the more usual ones of food and beverages. Analysis of the applicants of Catalan trademarks, across sectors, during almost a century, reveals that the legal possession of a brand cannot in itself guarantee a firm's success.