The Professional State Revisited: Twixt Scylla and Charybdis?
本文回顾了弗雷德里克·莫舍关于专业国家及其对公共行政和民主的双重影响的经典观点，指出专业化在各级公共服务中持续发展，近三分之一的公共部门从业者拥有需要大学学位的专业技术职业。
Frederick Mosher has written that composition of public agencies has substantially revolutionized their internal anatomy, physiology, and nervous systems, [while] the emergence of professions [has] revolutionized the precepts and practices of public employment.1 As time passes, debts to Professor Mosher grow dearer for his seminal insights regarding the professional state and its Janus-like implications for public administration and democracy. Certainly, professionalization -the evolution of a core of commonly shared and recognized knowledge and expertise by members of a group with a shared educational experience-has continued apace in the public service at all levels of the Madisonian political system.2 In fact, nearly one-third of today's public workforce claims or technical expertise in an identifiable and specialized occupation that requires at least a college degree and offers a lifetime career to its practitioners.