Participant motivation: A comparison of male and female athletes competing at the 2009 World Masters Games
研究了2009年世界大师运动会中男女运动员的参与动机差异，发现目标成就、健康导向和归属感对两者都重要，但女性更看重归属感，男性更看重竞争。
Participant motivation evaluates factors that enhance motivation to participate. The research aim was to evaluate similarities and differences in participant motivation between males and females who competed at the 2009 World Masters Games (WMG). Participants were male; n=2522 and female; n=2438. The 56 item Motivations of Marathoners Scale (MOMS) instrument was completed by online survey using a 7-point Likert scale. Participant motivation of health orientation, weight concern, personal goal achievement, competition, recognition, affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning and self-esteem were assessed. Genders displayed similar factors of goal achievement, health orientation and affiliation as most important. Discriminant analysis indicated affiliation and competition as most discriminating with females having higher affiliation scores, whereas males displayed higher competition scores.