Public Goods and Policy Types
本文利用公共物品与私人物品的区分，识别出政府活动的三个维度，构建了一个八类政策类型学，并举例说明，同时指出此前政策分类的局限。
During 1954-1955, Paul Samuelson distinguished public goods, collectively consumed by large groups of people, from private goods, individually exchanged in the marketplace.1 Since that time, economists and political scientists have employed the distinction to analyze a wide range of political phenomena including the social contract,2 the proper scope of governmental activity,3 interest group formation and regime opposition,4 and the development of political economies.5 Moreover, the distinction advances understanding of public administration and public finance,6 the structure of subnational government,7 and the technical constraints on public policy evaluation.8 However, the distinction has not been integrated with attempts to develop classification schemes for public policy types--schemes used to aid in analysis of the public policy process. While economists and political scientists frequently assume that failure in public justifies the monopoly power enjoyed by governmental institutions in performing selected functions, they have not generalized the consequences of market failure to specific public policy strategies nor have they considered the political processes surrounding such strategies. This paper employs the distinction between public and private goods to identify three dimensions of governmental activity that form the basis of an eightfold typology of public policy, and it offers selected examples of specific policies that fit the typology. The categorization scheme exposes several limitations in the policy typologies previously offered by Theodore Lowi, Michael Hayes, and Randall Ripley and Grace Franklin.9