Does Tradition Affect Affirmative Action Results? How Pennsylvania Achieved Changes at the Middle Management Level
研究了平权行动项目在政府中的实际执行效果，发现即使有法律和制度保障，个人对权利的认知和维权意愿才是关键，以宾夕法尼亚州管理层中层变革为例。
Statutes and executive directives notwithstanding, an affirmative action program remains essentially a moral commitment of government. Promotional policy safeguards, even with a merit system highly sensitive to minority or feminist aspirations, do not, in themselves, preclude evasion of affirmative action efforts by individuals at the operational levels. Actual enforcement depends upon whether or not the individual is aware of his or her rights, and whether or not he or she is willing to negotiate through the elusive bureaucratic labyrinth for justice.