Future Directions for Management Theory Development
聚焦欧洲和日本的管理范式，探讨组织成员和客户的文化多样性带来的困难，以及基于文化假设的管理行为，强调文化权变是跨文化管理理论的关键。
The article focuses on the development of management paradigms encompassing the management systems used in Europe and Japan. A discussion is presented about difficulties arising out of the cultural diversity of the organization's members and clients and various Management behaviors based upon cultural assumptions. The author presents an example of cause and effect relationships, which are significant elements in any management approach. The key to a cross-culturally applicable management theory appears to lie in cultural contingency. The author reports on the importance of cultural understanding in the practice of management.