Technology and Size as Determinants of the Organizational Structure of Japanese Factories
基于50家日本工厂样本，研究了技术（定制/批量/自动化生产）和规模（员工人数）对组织结构的影响，发现结构分化和正式化主要取决于规模，而劳动力投入、控制复杂性、成本工资、管理所有权分离、CEO管理幅度和工会认可则更多受技术影响。
March 1981, volume 26 New findings highlighting the controversy over the relative importance of size (number of personnel) and technology (custom/mass production/automated) as causes of organizational structure are presented from a sample of fifty Japanese factories. We showthe effects of technology (size held constant) and of size (technology held constant), controlling for five other variables that influence structure. Only two domains of structurestructural differentiation and formalization are clearly more a function of size than of technology. Other aspects labor inputs, cybernetic complexity, costs and wages, the differentiation of management from ownership, the span of control of the chief executive, and union recognition -vary more with technology than with size. Still other components of structure vary independently of both size and technology.