The Politics of Rate Discrimination: An International Perspective
比较了不同国家对保险费率差异的接受程度，发现美国追求风险与保费紧密匹配，而欧洲更注重社会公平，导致更多群体间的转移支付。
In the past few years rate differentials used by insurers have become subject to criticism by the public for reasons of social fairness, even if these differentials can be justified actuarially. Clearly, the question exists as to which rating factors are acceptable and which not. In this paper an overview of the answers given to that question is presented for different countries and different rating factors. In general it is found that in the U.S. a close fit between risk and premiums is sought, whereas in Europe the influence of society is bigger, resulting in more deliberate transfers from one group to another.