SOCIAL SAVINGS
定义并讨论了社会储蓄这一计量历史学概念，及其与消费者剩余、全要素生产率的关系，回顾了Fogel对1890年美国铁路的经典应用及后续研究，并为未来经济史学家提供了应用指南。
Abstract ‘Social savings’ is a cliometric concept to measure the benefit to society of technological improvements. The terms are defined, and the relationship between social savings and consumer surplus, total factor productivity and growth accounting measures is discussed. We critically outline Fogel's original application of social savings to American railroads in 1890, before looking at subsequent uses of the concept, both to other transport improvements and to other technological changes more generally. The paper concludes by setting out areas to which social savings could be applied, as well as setting out guidelines that future economic historians should use when applying the technique, in order to maximize the likely usefulness of any such work.