Employee Voice: A Human Resource Management Perspective
从战略和战术人力资源管理角度，考察非工会企业中员工建言的两个维度：正式申诉程序（如调解、仲裁）和参与式管理（如全面质量管理），这些机制为员工向管理层提供决策信息。
This article considers two dimensions of employee voice in nonunion businesses from both a strategic and a tactical human resource management perspective. The first dimension involves the formal nonunion grievance procedure, including the ombudsman, mediation, arbitration, and internal tribunals and peer review. The second dimension focuses on participative management, which takes such forms as total quality management programs. Like nonunion grievance procedures, participative management programs provide structured mechanisms for employees to provide information to management that is potentially valuable for decision-making purposes.