An Overview and Practical Guide to IRT Measurement Equivalence Analysis
概述了项目反应理论（IRT）测量等价性（ME）或差异项目功能（DIF）分析，比较了因子分析ME/DIF方法，回顾了常用指标和步骤，并通过三个示例演示了两种推荐程序，最后给出实践建议。
This article provides an overview and guide to implementing item response theory (IRT) measurement equivalence (ME) or differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. We (a) present the need for establishing IRT ME/DIF analysis, (b) discuss the similarities and differences between factor-analytic ME/DIF analysis, (c) review commonly used IRT ME/DIF indices and procedures, (d) provide three illustrations to two recommended IRT procedures, and (e) furnish recommendations for conducting IRT ME/DIF. We conclude by discussing future directions for IRT ME/DIF research.