Occupational Power, State Capacities, and the Diffusion of Licensing in the American States: 1890 to 1950
研究了1890至1950年间美国30个职业的执照制度，发现职业权力推动立法，但州政府作用因职业而异，且立法在州间扩散，挑战了将执照视为同质且国家被行业俘获的观点。
I examine the contributions of occupational power, state capacities, and diffusion processes to the variation among states in licensing occupations. Analysis of 30 occupations between 1890 and 1950 shows that occupational power promotes licensing legislation, but state governments also play a significant role. The state 's role differs by type of occupation. Licensing legislation diffuses across states for specific occupations. These findings raise questions for perspectives that treat licensing as undifferentiated and see the state as a captive of industry and occupational groups.