Organization Size and Failure Among Health Maintenance Organizations
研究了健康维护组织（HMO）的规模与失败率之间的关系，发现不同类型HMO的关系不同：一种呈倒U形，另一种单调递减。
We extend the organizational ecology literature by examining the relationship between organization size and failure. Contrary to the typical monotonically declining relationship between organization size and failure rates found in ecology research, we show that this relationship varies by type of organization. Using data from censuses of Health Maintenance Organizations in the United States, we find that the relationship assumes an inverted U-shape for one type of HMO and a monotonically declining shape for another type of HMO. These relationships resultfrom differences between the two types of HMOs in level of commitment to the organization and to the liability of the middle.