On the Origins and Development of Pakistan's Soccer-Ball Cluster
研究了巴基斯坦锡亚尔科特手工足球产业集群的起源与发展，发现其源于英国殖民者的本地需求，后续扩张由集聚效应和有效工业政策驱动，对理解长期历史动态和工业政策在专业化模式中的作用有启示。
Sialkot, Pakistan, is the world center of hand-stitched soccer-ball manufacturing. The existence of the cluster is puzzling and seems to argue against the “home market effect”, since there is little local demand for soccer balls. This paper traces the development of the cluster from its origins in the late 1800s and shows that it was rooted in an initial home market effect due to the presence of British colonists. Subsequent expansion was driven by agglomeration forces and effective industrial policy. The case study underlines the importance of longer-term historical dynamics and the role of industrial policy for understanding a country's contemporaneous pattern of specialization in the world economy.