A Correction for Biasing Effects of Pilot Sample Size on Sample Size Determination
研究了使用试点研究方差估计总体方差时，样本量估计量的随机性及其偏倚，并提供了修正因子以平衡这种偏倚。
When a pilot study variance is used to estimate σ 2 in the sample size formula, the resulting [Formula: see text] is a random variable. The authors investigate the theoretical behavior of [Formula: see text]. Though [Formula: see text] is more likely to underachieve than overachieve the unbiased n, correction factors to balance the bias are provided.