With or Without Force? European Public Opinion on Democracy Promotion
本文基于11个欧盟国家的调查数据，分析欧洲公民的社会经济背景、政治倾向和国籍如何影响他们对民主推广及武力推广民主的支持，发现极端右翼倾向者更支持武力手段，而高学历者更支持非武力方式。
Abstract This article investigates the impact of E uropean citizens' socio‐economic backgrounds, political orientations and countries of origin on their support for democracy promotion in general and on democracy promotion via military means. Analyzing survey data from 11 E uropean U nion ( EU ) member countries, we show that citizens with more extreme political orientations are less likely to support general democracy promotion. In contrast, particularly those citizens with extreme rightist orientations are more likely to support democracy promotion via military means. Regarding the impact of socio‐economic background variables, higher education and working skills are positively associated with democracy promotion in general, but make citizens less likely to support democracy promotion via military means. Finally, even if the majority of E uropeans do not support democracy promotion via military means, the heterogeneity of country effects suggests that the assumption of a common E uropean identity regarding democracy promotion needs to be refined.