Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure
估计了美国牙医和脊椎按摩师两个服务行业的动态进入退出结构模型，发现进入成本、固定成本和短期价格竞争强度是长期企业价值、企业更替和市场结构的重要决定因素。在指定为健康专业短缺地区的市场中，进入成本补贴使平均进入成本降低11%，且比固定成本补贴每新增一家企业的成本更低。
This article estimates a dynamic, structural model of entry and exit for two US service industries: dentists and chiropractors. Entry costs faced by potential entrants, fixed costs faced by incumbent producers, and the toughness of short‐run price competition are important determinants of long‐run firm values, firm turnover, and market structure. In the dentist industry entry costs were subsidized in geographic markets designated as Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSA) and the estimated mean entry cost is 11 percent lower in these markets. Using simulations, we find that entry cost subsidies are less expensive per additional firm than fixed cost subsidies.