Upward-Influence Styles: Relationship with Performance Evaluations, Salary, and Stress
研究识别出四种向上影响风格（散弹型、策略型、讨好型、旁观型），发现男性下属使用散弹型风格会获得更差的绩效评估、更低薪酬和更高压力，且性别会调节这种关系。
We gratefully acknowledge the many helpful comments and criticisms of Gerald Salancik and three anonymous reviewers and the professional editing of this manuscript by Linda Pike. Three studies explored the relationship between participants using different styles of upward influence in formal organizations and their performance evaluations, salaries, and reported stress. In studies of workers, supervisors, and chief executive officers, the following four upward-influence styles were identified through cluster analysis: Shotgun, Tactician, Ingratiator, and Bystander. Male subordinates using a Shotgun style of upward influence were evaluated less favorably by their superiors, earned less, and reported more job tension and personal stress than Tactician subordinates. There was evidence that gender moderated the relation between subordinates' upward-influence styles and superiors' evaluation of their performances.-