Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, slavery, and colonial Africa
本书通过考察20世纪初葡萄牙殖民地在圣多美和普林西比的可可生产中剥削契约劳工的丑闻，重新评估了吉百利公司在道德诚信与竞争压力之间的挣扎。
Catherine Higgs's first book, The Ghost of Equality (1997), was a biography of a distinguished black South African, D. D. T. Jabavu. That background on Southern Africa has put her in a good position to write this book which, although largely focused on the West African Portuguese colonial islands of São Tomé and Príncipe and the mainland territory of Angola, also covers more widely the supply of Mozambican labour to the mines of the Rand. And an excellent study it is, too, illustrated by numerous contemporary photographs. Higgs earns an extra mark for scholarship, having learned Portuguese in order to undertake the work. A good deal has been written on the scandal of exploited contract labour – serviçais – in the Portuguese colonial production of cocoa in the first decade of the twentieth century, both by contemporaries such as Henry Nevinson and Charles Swan, and by recent historians, most notably James Duffy, William Clarence-Smith, Kevin Grant, and Lowell Satre. At the centre of the controversy over how cocoa was produced was the Quaker family firm of Cadbury, a major and model employer of British labour at the Birmingham factory that produced drinking chocolate and sweets. In early 1901 William Cadbury received disquieting news that the cocoa the company was buying had been produced by slave labour in Portuguese West Africa. To find out more about labour conditions he briefly visited Lisbon, but needing more detailed information ‘he’ employed Joseph Burtt, a fellow Quaker, who spoke French and hastily-acquired Portuguese, and sent him to the islands of São Tomé and Principe in May 1905. Burtt's correspondence with Cadbury, together with his report and writings, form the basis of a large part of Higgs's skilfully written and important book, which critically reassesses Cadbury's struggle between moral integrity and the need for competitively priced cocoa.