Administration as Ritual
本文提出公共行政活动具有世俗集体仪式的形式特征，识别了三种行政仪式类型，并探讨仪式对组织内外的影响及功能。
Public administration as an activity possesses in large degree the formal attributes of secular collective ritual, e.g., repetition, role playing, stylization, order, staging, and creation of meaning. Three types of administrative ritual can be identified: explicit rites, such as ceremonies and regularized events; formalistic processes, like budgeting and auditing; and expressive programs, exemplified by anti-drug campaigns and rural free delivery. Rituals constructed inside organizations tend to use specialized language and involve active participation; those directed to outsiders employ lay language and dramatic forms. Ritual in administration is unavoidable, and it affects different observers differently. If excessively compelling, it could be dangerous, but within proper constraints it helps to state collective purpose and reinforces common bonds. Administration can be understood, at least in substantial part, as ritual. It is argued here that a ritualistic interpretation of administrative life provid...