James D. Mooney and General Motors' Multinational Operations, 1922–1940
本文追溯了1922年至二战爆发期间，詹姆斯·D·穆尼领导下通用汽车公司成为跨国企业的历程，比较了通用与福特在海外运营组织管理上的差异，并探讨了经济大萧条和战争前夕企业如何调整。
This article traces the emergence of the General Motors Corporation as a multinational enterprise under the leadership of James D. Mooney from 1922 to the outbreak of World War II. Mooney's unpublished paper “The Science of Industrial Organization” (1929) portrays GM's multidivisional organization's use of the line-staff concept in organizing overseas assembly plants. Here I compare General Motors with Ford Motor Company, which had first-mover advantages overseas, and examine how each company organized and managed their international operations. “Linking pins,” a social-science concept, illustrates how GM's organizational hierarchy achieved vertical coordination of effort. Economic depression and the prelude to World War II followed the expansionary 1920s, requiring GM and Ford to adjust to a changing environment. The article also covers Mooney's naïve attempts to use business for diplomacy in the years leading up to the war.