Long Distance Commuting and Income Change in the Towns of Upstate New York
研究了长距离通勤如何将收入增长扩散到非都市边缘地区，发现收入乘数在距都市中心中等距离处最大，且1960至1970年代乘数效应增强、影响范围扩大。
Long distance commuting to all levels of the urban hierarchy is a mechanism by which income growth is spread to nonmetropolitan peripheries. Attendant income growth multipliers are variable with distance from metropolitan employment centers, but because of off-setting forces of insulation and threshold, the maximum multipliers are found at intermediate distances from a metropolitan center. The increasing potency of multipliers from the 1960s to the 1970s and extension of income growth to greater distances are influenced by in-migration, job substitution, and increased female participation rates.