Crossed Wires and Missing Connections: Valdemar Poulsen, The American Telegraphone Company, and the Failure to Commercialize Magnetic Recording
本文运用“意义框架”理论，分析1898年丹麦发明的首台磁记录器“电报机”为何在有利宣传和大量投资下仍商业失败，聚焦丹麦的技术边缘地位、发明者的电话导向及企业管理失误。
The first magnetic recorder, the telegraphone, was invented in 1898 in Denmark. Despite favorable publicity and considerable investment, the telegraphone was a commercial failure. This article uses the theoretical concept of “frames of meaning” to explain that failure, focusing on three factors in particular: Denmark's status as a technologically peripheral country, the telephone orientation of the telegraphone's inventors, and management failures by the firm set up to manufacture the machine.