A Comparative Analysis of Most European and Japanese Bonus-malus Systems
比较了13个国家的奖惩系统，从投保人等级分布、保费对索赔频率的弹性以及奖金饥饿程度三个标准进行分析。
The bonus-malus systems of 13 different countries are presented and compared, using the following criteria: (1) stationary distribution of the policyholders among the classes, (2) elasticity of the premiums with respect to the claim frequency (efficiency), and (3) magnitude of the hunger for bonus.