The Interorganizational Control of an Occupied Country
从组织间视角分析二战期间德国对比利时、荷兰和挪威的占领，提出中间组织概念，区分控制型和代表型，并探讨占领当局如何通过重组组织网络加强控制。
This is a revised verson of a paper presented at the workshop Corporatist Economic Organization during the Second World organized by the Leyden Institute for Law and Public Policy, University of Leyden, April 1987. I want to express my gratitude to Jan de Groot for his assistance in the analysis of the relevant literature, to Thea de Beer and Astrid van Ekelenburg for typing all the preliminary versions of this paper, to Professors I. Schdffer and J. C. H. Blom and to Jan Nekkers for their valuable comments on an earlier version, to the editors and reviewers of ASQ for their helpful suggestions, and, last but not least, to Inez Seeger for reading the English text. In this paper the German occupation of Belgium, The Netherlands, and Norway during the Second World War is analyzed from an interorganizational perspective. The concept of the intermediate organization is elaborated, two subtypes being distinguished-the control and the representative intermediary-and a system of governance of a country is sketched as consisting of a hierarchy of intermediary organizations with a mixture of control and representative functions. The reorganization by the occupation authorities is then characterized in terms of the agencies they superimposed on indigenous webs of organizations and the changes they brought about in existing arrangements. On the whole, the measures taken by the occupant were intended to strengthen the control and contain the representative functions of the organizations in question. However, the more drastic the attempts to repress the representative functions of intermediary organizations, the less useful they were as control agencies, especially if effective control required a measure of cooperation from the controlled. It is also concluded that a system of administration consisting of several layers of intermediary organizations is intrinsically unfit to serve as an efficient and effective tool of top-down control for most purposes.'