Boycott Diplomacy: The U. S., the U. N., and UNESCO
本文研究了抵制作为一种外交手段在政府间组织中的运用，特别是美国等成员国通过拒缴会费表达不满的做法，并以联合国为例分析了相关法律与政治后果。
As a recognized form of diplomatic practice, the boycott, although perhaps considered bad form from a constitutional or legalistic viewpoint, has been employed by the member-states of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) from their very beginnings. Many of the founding statutes or treaties of IGOs, in fact, provide for various forms of formalized disapproval by the member-states of the IGO's conduct, even to include withdrawal from membership or denunciation of the treaty. But the withholding of funds, especially if they are derived according to a pre-established formula (either mandatory assessments or voluntary contributions) is generally frowned upon, even if widely practiced.1 In the United Nations, Article 19 of the Charter provided for collective financial responsibility, with the withdrawal of the voting privilege in the General Assembly if a state was in arrears on its assessment for a specified period of time. Even though the General Assembly has, over the last two decades, established a strong legal and political precedent supporting the right of assessment, and each year Article 19 is evoked to encourage prompt payments from laggards, the withholding by a state of its assessment does not immediately result in its privileges being suspended. There is time to work out a face-saving arrangement if the predisposition to do so is present. Such a situation occurred in 1981 when dues owed by the People's Republic of China threatened a loss of its vote by January 1 of the following year. On that occasion a solution was found by putting the Chinese arrears in a special voluntary account, while China promised to honor all its obligations beginning in 1982. Thus, a member-state's use of the withholding of financial contributions can have a happy ending. The consequences of non-payment, however, can be multiplied many times over if the guilty member-state is a major donoror, as with the United States, the major donor.