A Multilevel Modelling Approach to Examining the Effects of Area of Residence on Health and Functioning
使用多元层次模型，在控制个人特征后，分析居住区域对健康指标的影响，发现腰臀比和反应时间与区域相关，但自评健康等指标不相关。
A multilevel modelling approach is used to ascertain the effect of area of residence, as measured by the random variance component at the area level, on a number of measures of health and functioning obtained on three cohorts of individuals (aged 15, 35 and 55 years) living in the central Clydeside conurbation in 1987. Gender, social class and material deprivation are each controlled for at the individual level. The variance component is allowed to vary at both the individual and the area level simultaneously according to age and gender groups in combination. Having controlled for individual characteristics, there was an association between area of residence and waist-hip ratio and reaction time, but not self-rated health, limiting long-standing illness, height or standardized respiratory function. Waist-hip ratio, reaction time, self-rated health and height were also associated with the Carstairs-Morris deprivation index at the postcode sector level.