Probing the Character of Norms: A Factorial Survey Analysis of the Norms of Political Action
提出测量规范四个维度（极性、条件性、强度、共识）的方法，并首次对1993年莱比锡居民的政治行动规范进行因子调查分析，发现规范类型多样且个体间存在分歧。
The purpose of this paper is twofold : first, to contribute to the methodology for measuring norms; and second, to measure the norms of political action among a sample of respondents in Leipzig, in the former East Germany, in 1993. They highlight four aspects of norms : (1) polarity, whether a norm is prescriptive, proscriptive, or bipolar; (2) conditionality, whether a norm holds under all circumstances; (3) intensity, the degree to which individuals subscribe to the norm; and (4) consensus, the extent to which members of a a society share a norm. They show how the factorial survey pioneered by P. H. Rossi enables development of procedures for measuring these four aspects of norms, and they carry out for the first time a factorial survey analysis of the norms of political action. The results indicate that prescriptive, proscriptive, and bipolar norms coexist, as do individuals subscribing to unconditional norms, conditional norms, and no norms at all. While over two-thirds of the measured norms are bipolar, a strong minority (almost 23 percent) are prescriptive; proscriptive norms, though less numerous than prescriptive norms, are stronger than prescriptive norms. Finally, individuals disagree on the content of norms