Clans, Guilds, and Markets: Apprenticeship Institutions and Growth in the Pre-Industrial Economy
构建了一个前工业经济中技术进步模型，强调隐性知识通过师徒关系传递，并论证欧洲的行会等制度优于封闭宗族系统，解释了欧洲在工业革命前的崛起。
Abstract In the centuries leading up to the Industrial Revolution, Western Europe gradually pulled ahead of other world regions in terms of technological creativity, population growth, and income per capita. We argue that superior institutions for the creation and dissemination of productive knowledge help explain the European advantage. We build a model of technological progress in a preindustrial economy that emphasizes the person-to-person transmission of tacit knowledge. The young learn as apprentices from the old. Institutions such as the family, the clan, the guild, and the market organize who learns from whom. We argue that medieval European institutions such as guilds, and specific features such as journeymanship, can explain the rise of Europe relative to regions that relied on the transmission of knowledge within closed kinship systems (extended families or clans).