Norms and Rules to Facilitate Convergence on Budget Balance
本文指出古典预算规范（年度性、全面性和平衡性）曾有效协调预算平衡，但如今因福利支出等违背这些规范，导致赤字扩大。
In the past, budget balance, outside of war and depression, was informally but effectively coordinated by classical budgetary norms-annularity, comprehensiveness and balance. In our time, these norms have broken down. Entitlements, the largest part of expenditures, violate all three norms: annularity, as they are not renewed every year; comprehensiveness, from the growth of trust funds and earmarked (the European hypothetical revenues) spending, and balance, as expenditures drive ever-larger deficits.