REFEREE BIAS
综述了职业足球等体育项目中裁判行为的实证研究，分析裁判是否做出偏袒决策及其原因，对理解体育竞争公平性及裁判制度设计有参考价值。
Abstract This paper surveys the empirical literature on the behavior of referees in professional football and other sports. Referees are typically appointed by a principal to be impartial, especially when unbiased referee judgment is vital for the accomplishment of the principal's objective. Answering whether referees make biased decisions and understanding the causes that lead referees to digress from their principal duty of impartiality is therefore fundamental from a theoretical point of view. At the same time, assessing the prevalence and origin of referee bias is germane to various domains of life. Referee bias is particularly relevant in sports, where partial decision‐making can determine competition outcomes, which can have strong repercussions on athletes' careers and supporters' well‐being.