Nonsampling vs. Sampling Errors in Survey Research
比较了不同研究设计和数据收集方法中总调查误差的组成部分，发现非抽样误差是主要贡献者，而随机抽样误差很小，并据此提出了提高调查数据质量的指南。
To increase the validity and reliability of survey data, one must minimize total error and its components, sampling and nonsampling error. This article examines and empirically compares the components of total survey error for several research designs and data collection methods. The consistent finding is that nonsampling error is the major contributor to total survey error, while random sampling error is minimal. On this basis guidelines for improving quality of survey data are provided.