The Search for Oppositional Culture among Black Students
回应了1998年ASR文章对黑人学生对立文化解释的挑战，发现黑人学生比白人学生更乐观、更重视教育，并呼吁进一步探讨学业表现的种族差异根源。
RESULTS PUBLISHED in our 1998 ASR article (Ainsworth-Darnell and Downey 1998, henceforward A-D&D) presented a serious challenge to the oppositional culture explanation for racial/ethnic differences in school performance. It was a surprise to many to learn that black students typically report more optimistic occupational expectations, view education as more important to their future, and maintain more pro-school attitudes than do white students. In our conclusion, we stated our hope that this new evidence would lead to further debate regarding the source of racial/ethnic differences in school performance: