Fuzziness and Bureaucracy
引入模糊集概念，分析公共服务供需错配问题，指出错配源于对服务对象分类的误解，而非官僚机构本身，并提出应对模糊指令的策略。
Among the sins laid at the doorstep of public bureaucracies is the mismatch of needs and benefits provided. The newspapers chronicle cases of destitute widows unable to get enough welfare money to sustain life because of technicalities as well as cases of legally obtained welfare Cadillacs. Bureaucrats and the bureaucratic establishment are held responsible for such mismatches with the implication that pettiness, ill-will, mean-spiritedness, poor management, and basic stupidity are at fault. We will introduce the notion of fuzzy sets, apply it to public sector service provision, and argue that a significant category of mismatch problems and other problems are not a function of the procedures, structures, or staff of public bureaucracies. Rather, we will argue, the fault often lies in the misinterpretation of categories employed in deciding who is to be provided service at what levels. Then we will use the notions of fuzzy and crisp sets to explicate variations in bureaucratic behavior among public organizations in order to show the likelihood of certain problems occurring. Finally, we will suggest some ways for bureaucrats to minimize the unfortunate consequences of dealing with fuzzy mandates in a world of crisp procedures and expectations.