MEASURING THE TRUE HARM FROM PRICE‐FIXING TO BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT PURCHASERS*
指出传统方法衡量价格固定造成的损害会严重低估真实损害，并提供了修正方法，同时分析了损害在直接和间接购买者之间的分配，对反垄断诉讼中的损害赔偿计算有重要参考价值。
Legal actions by direct and indirect purchasers to recover damages from price‐fixing, common in the United States for years, are now appearing in a number of other countries. Traditional measures of damages are flawed as measures of the true harm suffered and will often significantly understate that true harm. This paper provides measures of the degree of understatement of the true harm when traditional approaches are used and shows how the size of the error depends on the degree of competitiveness of downstream markets. The paper also provides measures of distribution of the true harm between direct and indirect purchasers.