Industrial Organization and Location: Division of Labor, the Firm, and Spatial Process
从企业内部劳动分工出发，探讨生产垂直分解与整合如何关联范围经济与交易成本，并综合产业组织与企业理论，分析其对区位理论和空间分析的影响，尤其关注增长中心起源和多元化企业重组问题。
The paper opens with a description of the division of labor within the firm. The argument then passes on to the question of the vertical disintegration and integration of production and its crucial relations to (a) economies and diseconomies of scope and (b) the costs of intra- and inter-firm transactional activity. An attempt is made to synthesize these issues by providing a unified description of the organization of industry and the theory of the firm. The implications of this synthesis for location theory and spatial analysis generally are described. Two specific geographical problems are addressed, namely, (a) the origins and dynamics of growth centers and (b) restructuring and the multiestablishment firm. The paper closes with a few brief allusions to a prospective research agenda for economic geographers.