Profitability and Accumulation
质疑了积累率与利润率相关的常见假设，通过证据和模型表明盈利性与积累之间相关性不强，并指出利润概念对某些经济主体不适用，从而推动空间经济理论关注阶级能动性等其他因素。
It is common in location theory, regional growth theory, and development theory to assume that differences in rates of accumulation are correlated with differences in rates of profit and then to seek factors that would explain why rates of profit (or unit production costs) differ. This paper argues that this procedure is invalid, for there is evidence that profitability and accumulation are not well correlated. Even in well behaved models, there may be net capital flows towards low profit regions or industries (and some examples demonstrate that such behavior does indeed occur); furthermore, the concept of a profit is not relevant to such enterprises as independent commodity producers, union pension funds, and the state; exports of steel from Brasil are not based on low production costs. With this assumption out of the way, spatial economic theories can become more sensitive to such other factors as class agency.