GUANXI: CONNECTIONS AS SUBSTITUTES FOR FORMAL INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT.
基于中国访谈数据，研究发现法律支持不足使私营企业高管比国企或集体企业高管更依赖个人关系（关系），包括更重视商业连接、更多政府关系、更多单向送礼和更高信任。
Interview data from China are used to test an argument that executives develop personal connections in societies with underdeveloped legal support for private businesses. In China, such connections are called guanxi. An underdeveloped legal framework makes private-company executives more dependent on guanxi than executives in state-owned or collective-hybrid companies. Compared to the other executives, private-company executives considered business connections more important, depended more on connections for protection, had more government connections, gave more unreciprocated gifts, and trusted their connections more.