The Logic of Joint Research and Development
研究了多个竞争企业之间横向联合研发的制度形式，认为企业因知识产权难以独占而投资不足，通过美日案例比较组织设计与管理差异。
Recently, joint R&D involving horizontal collaboration among three or more competing firms has emerged in a variety of industrial sectors. This article views the evolution of the R&D collaborative as an innovative and efficient institutional form for the development of leaky intellectual property. The authors argue that private firms underinvest in the development of leaky intellectual property due to difficulties in appropriability. Three U.S. case histories and one Japanese example of horizontal R&D collaboration illustrate differences in organizational design, goal formation, and management. The authors conclude that an insufficiency of institutional support for U.S. collaboratives may lead to underinvestment in leaky technologies.