Business Associationalism, the Legitimation of Enterprise, and the Emergence of a Business Elite in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
研究了十九世纪巴西商业精英在出口导向经济和文化敌意下如何争取企业合法化，但这一过程反而导致商业群体分裂，最终让新兴工业资产阶级取代了海外贸易商。
Operating in an economy that was still primarily export-import based and in a cultural environment suspicious of all business interests, members of Brazil's nineteenth-century business elite laced many obstacles to legitimizing their activities. Ironically, erforts to win acceptance tended to fragment business groups and eventually opened the way for a new industrial bourgeoisie at the expense of the overseas traders.