Can CCS and NET enable the continued use of fossil carbon fuels after CoP21?
探讨碳捕集与封存（CCS）和负排放技术（NET）能否在CoP21设定的温控目标下继续使用化石碳燃料，指出CCS已工业验证但成本高，政策失败阻碍大规模项目，并提出新碳证书方案。
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) does not generate energy. CCS applied to fossil and modern bio-carbon fuels and feedstocks removes environmentally damaging CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. CoP21 stipulated a maximum 2°C–1.5°C global warming from 2050 in perpetuity. Both CCS and negative emission technology (NET) are now required to manage the carbon stock in earth’s atmosphere and oceans. All components of CCS are operationally proven secure at the industrial scale. Fifteen CCS projects operate globally; seven are under construction. CCS systems increase electricity prices, to about £100/MWhr. CCS on industry is cheaper and storage costs minimal (£5–20/tonne). CCS reduces whole economy costs of carbon transition by 2.5 times. Policies of capex subsidy, oversupplied emissions certificates, weak carbon pricing, and weak emissions standards have all failed to develop large cost CCS mega-projects. New carbon certificates could link the extraction of carbon to an obligation to store a percentage of emissions. Certificates connect CCS and NET pathways to secure carbon storage for the public good.