Discrimination, social identity, and coordination: An experiment
实验发现，决策者在与他人共同决策时会对同组成员表现出偏袒，而单独决策时则没有；这种偏袒在与其他组成员共同决策时消失，表明集体环境中的歧视可能源于对共同决策者行为的信念，委员会多样性有助于抵消偏袒。
This paper presents an experiment investigating whether decision makers discriminate between members of their own group and members of another group. I focus on two aspects of this question: First, I compare behavior in individual and in joint decisions; Second, I test whether the identity of the co-decision maker matters in joint decisions. Substantial own group favoritism occurs in joint decisions in spite of there being no such favoritism in individual decisions. Decision makers strongly favor own group candidates when deciding with someone from their own group, but not when deciding with someone from the other group. The study suggests that higher-order beliefs about co-decision maker behavior may be a factor behind discrimination in collective settings and that diversity in committees might be helpful in counteracting own group favoritism.