Economic evaluation of healthcare interventions: old and new directions: Table 1:
回顾了医疗领域经济评估的主要方法，讨论了贴现、分析视角、成本效果阈值等争议，并介绍了世界卫生组织和盖茨基金会推动的通用化框架，旨在提高研究的可比性和可推广性。
The techniques of economic evaluation have been increasingly widely applied in the health sector over recent decades, with hundreds of published evaluations performed in many countries and ranging across prevention programmes, diagnostics, treatment interventions, and the organization of health care. This paper examines the main methods in current use, and describes the gradual systematization of economic evaluation methodologies and the increasing importance of reimbursement agencies with explicit technical requirements. It reviews controversies in areas such as discounting, analytic perspective, identifying a cost-effectiveness threshold, differential treatment of particular disease areas or treatment groups, and the valuation of outcomes. It then considers in more detail the development of the World Health Organization’s generalized cost-effectiveness framework, and the emergence of an international ‘reference case’ commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as a way of increasing the generalizability and comparability of such studies. Finally the paper discusses some current controversies and possible future developments in this field.