Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence from Changes in Municipal Income Tax Rates in Finland
利用芬兰市政所得税税率变化作为工具变量，估计应税收入弹性（ETI）为0.21，该方法减少了收入分布差异带来的估计偏差。
Abstract The elasticity of taxable income (ETI) is a key parameter in income tax analysis, in terms of both efficiency and tax revenue. In this paper, I use Finnish data to analyze the ETI. I use changes in flat municipal income tax rates as an instrument for overall changes in marginal tax rates. This instrument is not a function of individual income, and thus the ETI estimates are less susceptible to bias caused by differential trends across the income distribution. In general, instruments used in previous studies do not have this feature. My preferred estimate for the average ETI is 0.21.