Are there trade-offs in valuation with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, origin and food miles attributes?
通过实验拍卖测量消费者对大米产品的温室气体排放、食物里程和产地属性的支付意愿，发现消费者在这些属性之间存在权衡，且不认为食物里程和产地是完全替代品。
This study measures consumers’ willingness to pay for the attributes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during production, food miles and origin (local/non-local) of rice products and assesses the interaction effects (complementarities and substitutions) between these food attributes using a non-hypothetical experimental auction. Results typically show that consumers are willing to pay a price premium for rice that has lower GHG emissions, lower food miles and/or is local. Most importantly, consumers were found to trade off these three food attributes. The results also show that consumers do not perceive the attributes food miles and origin as perfect substitutes.