Exports, Outward FDI and Technology Upgrading: Firm Level Evidence from India
利用印度制药业企业数据，研究出口和对外直接投资对企业国内技术投资的影响，发现出口促进技术活动，而对外直接投资则起替代作用。
This paper evaluates the individual and combined effects of exporting and outward foreign direct investments (OFDI) on firms’ technology investments at home using firm-level data from the pharmaceutical industry in India. The analysis accounts for unobserved firm heterogeneity and the endogeneity of the choice of foreign market participation, and shows that exporting has been an important channel through which Indian multinational expansion has encouraged greater domestic technological activity. However, all else constant, higher levels of OFDI have rather acted as substitutes for such technological efforts.