The Neglect of Engineering Design
美国制造业竞争力下降，源于对工程设计环节的忽视。文章指出约80%的制造成本在设计初期就已确定，但管理重心却放在下游制造，呼吁通过加强设计研究、教育和实践来重建工程设计基础设施。
To regain competitiveness in many discrete product markets, it is essential that the U.S. improve its engineering design practices. Although roughly 80% of manufacturing costs are committed during the first 20% of the design process, U.S. management has focussed almost exclusively on downstream manufacturing operations to effect cost and quality improvements. This article reexamines the role of engineering design education programs, research efforts, and the design knowledge tools and practices used in manufacturing firms. To fully utilize engineering design as a competitiveness weapon, the U.S. must build a new engineering design infrastructure by expanding design research, revitalizing design education, and revolutionizing engineering design practice.