European growth models and working class restructuring: An International post-Keynesian Political Economy perspective
本文基于后凯恩斯主义宏观经济学、法国调节理论和葛兰西国际政治经济学，分析了2000-2008年间欧洲不同地区的增长模式与工人阶级重构，揭示了出口驱动、依附升级和债务驱动三种模式如何导致欧洲失衡和欧元危机。
This paper builds on post-Keynesian macroeconomics, the French Regulation Theory and a Neo-Gramscian International Political Economy approach to class analysis to propose an International post-Keynesian Political Economy approach that is used to offer an empirical analysis of European growth models and working class restructuring in Europe between 2000 and 2008. We will distinguish between the ‘East’, the ‘North’ and the ‘South’ and structure our analysis around industrial upgrading, financialisation and working class coherence. We find an export-driven growth model in the North, which came with wage suppression and outsourcing to the East. In the East, the growth model can be characterised as dependent upgrading, which allowed for high real wage growth despite declining working class coherence. The South experienced a debt-driven growth model with a real estate bubble and high inflation rates resulting in large current account deficits. Our analysis shows that class restructuring forms an integral part in the economic process that resulted in European imbalances and the Euro crisis.