The resource curse without natural resources: Expectations of resource booms and their impact
研究了圣多美和普林西比及马达加斯加在未实际经历资源繁荣的情况下，仅因对未来资源繁荣的预期就出现了资源诅咒效应，包括经济增长波动和治理恶化。
Many resource-rich countries have experienced a range of negative economic and political effects from natural resource extraction, often lumped together as the 'resource curse'. This article investigates to what extent expectations of future natural resource booms in So Tom e Prncipe and Madagascar led to 'resource curse' effects, even though these countries did not experience the expected booms. It finds that both countries experienced resource curse effects as a result of future expectations, including volatile economic growth and eroded governance. The article demonstrates that shared aspirations and expectations alone may make for material political and economic outcomes even when they become visibly divorced from reality. Thus, there is much more to resource curse effects than simply the product of the material extraction of natural endowments. At a time of extremely volatile prices for primary commodities, and the relatively easy availability of investment capital and credit to support speculative ventures that in turn incentivize resource hype, it is likely that a growing number of countries may suffer the malign effects of a resource curse without natural resource extraction.